Reigeluth's Elaboration Theory
Zoom--big picture down into chunks. Organized--get everything in sequence. summarize--like a spiral review. Synthesize--intregrate/interrelate. Analogy--build their prior knowledge. Cognitive--
Learner-gets the freedom of selecting and deciding on what to learn
Pros. 1. Values sequencing. 2. Honors the holistic approach. 3. Honors the student's core knowledge --parts tied to whole back to parts 4. Fosters motivation by giving students choice--scope and sequence
Cons-
Theories, procedures, and concepts
Marlin
Real World Problems
Integration
Activation
Application
Demonstration
Regan and Smith Instruction Design Model--very theory based
Very Comprehensive and Complex Approach
Analysis and Assessment comes first
Instructional Strategies for each type of Learner
Balance--instructional and learner strategies. Need to connect background knowledge and the task
Three Stages:
Analysis--Learning Context
Learners
Learning Task Write Test items
Strategy Determine--Organizational strategies, delivery strategies, management strategies
Write and produce instruction
Evaluation--Conduct--formative evaluation
Review instruction (evaluation is at every stage)
Kemps Instructional Model
Nine different components
Constant evaluation--Continual cycle--non-linear
Pros--constant evaluation
constant planning and designing
Structured evaluation of delivery system
focuses on content analysis
Focuses on the characteristics of the learners
Cons
Production vs. implementation
Teacher time intensive
too many details
feedback can take too long
Gagne--nine events of instruction
1. Gain Attention--motivate
2. Describe the goal--what should they accomplish
3. Stimulate recall of prior knowledge
4. present the material to be learned
5. Provide guidance for learning
6. Elicit performance--practice
7. Provide informative feedback--correct, analyze, step-by-step
8. Assess Performance Test--
9. Enhance retention and transfer--additional practice, transfer situations, review the lesson--on-going not isolate
Kirkpatrick
Business Format--evaluate how well you did
4 Steps or Levels
1. reactions--react favorably to event; face-to-face; right away-immediate
2. learning--to what degree did they acquire the intended knowledge--pre/post test
3. transfer-apply what they learned during training when they are back on job; behavior, apply to another situation, teach someone else
4. Results--did it increase? things are changing--increase, improve, reduce frequency, ...
Cheap and simple
teachers used to it
easily learned
tell how engaged the student is
evaluate training
real world
easy to understand
Not applicable to all areas
too simple
fails to take into account learner, ...
Rapid Prototyping
* encourages active student participation in the design process
* increases creativity through quicker user feedback
Cons--
Doesn't replicate the real thing
Lots of steps
endless revisions
Zoom--big picture down into chunks. Organized--get everything in sequence. summarize--like a spiral review. Synthesize--intregrate/interrelate. Analogy--build their prior knowledge. Cognitive--
Learner-gets the freedom of selecting and deciding on what to learn
Pros. 1. Values sequencing. 2. Honors the holistic approach. 3. Honors the student's core knowledge --parts tied to whole back to parts 4. Fosters motivation by giving students choice--scope and sequence
Cons-
Theories, procedures, and concepts
Marlin
Real World Problems
Integration
Activation
Application
Demonstration
Regan and Smith Instruction Design Model--very theory based
Very Comprehensive and Complex Approach
Analysis and Assessment comes first
Instructional Strategies for each type of Learner
Balance--instructional and learner strategies. Need to connect background knowledge and the task
Three Stages:
Analysis--Learning Context
Learners
Learning Task Write Test items
Strategy Determine--Organizational strategies, delivery strategies, management strategies
Write and produce instruction
Evaluation--Conduct--formative evaluation
Review instruction (evaluation is at every stage)
Kemps Instructional Model
Nine different components
Constant evaluation--Continual cycle--non-linear
Pros--constant evaluation
constant planning and designing
Structured evaluation of delivery system
focuses on content analysis
Focuses on the characteristics of the learners
Cons
Production vs. implementation
Teacher time intensive
too many details
feedback can take too long
Gagne--nine events of instruction
1. Gain Attention--motivate
2. Describe the goal--what should they accomplish
3. Stimulate recall of prior knowledge
4. present the material to be learned
5. Provide guidance for learning
6. Elicit performance--practice
7. Provide informative feedback--correct, analyze, step-by-step
8. Assess Performance Test--
9. Enhance retention and transfer--additional practice, transfer situations, review the lesson--on-going not isolate
Kirkpatrick
Business Format--evaluate how well you did
4 Steps or Levels
1. reactions--react favorably to event; face-to-face; right away-immediate
2. learning--to what degree did they acquire the intended knowledge--pre/post test
3. transfer-apply what they learned during training when they are back on job; behavior, apply to another situation, teach someone else
4. Results--did it increase? things are changing--increase, improve, reduce frequency, ...
Cheap and simple
teachers used to it
easily learned
tell how engaged the student is
evaluate training
real world
easy to understand
Not applicable to all areas
too simple
fails to take into account learner, ...
Rapid Prototyping
* encourages active student participation in the design process
* increases creativity through quicker user feedback
Cons--
Doesn't replicate the real thing
Lots of steps
endless revisions